Strictly speaking, recombinant DNA refers to DNA molecules, while molecular cloning refers to the experimental methods used to assemble them. Thus, both the resulting bacterial population, and the recombinant DNA molecule, are commonly referred to as "clones". This single cell can then be expanded exponentially to generate a large amount of bacteria, each of which contain copies of the original recombinant molecule. This process takes advantage of the fact that a single bacterial cell can be induced to take up and replicate a single recombinant DNA molecule. Because they contain foreign DNA fragments, these are transgenic or genetically modified microorganisms (GMO). This will generate a population of organisms in which recombinant DNA molecules are replicated along with the host DNA. The recombinant DNA is then introduced into a host organism (typically an easy-to-grow, benign, laboratory strain of E. Subsequently, these fragments are then combined with vector DNA to generate recombinant DNA molecules. In a conventional molecular cloning experiment, the DNA to be cloned is obtained from an organism of interest, then treated with enzymes in the test tube to generate smaller DNA fragments. Molecular cloning methods are central to many contemporary areas of modern biology and medicine. Molecular cloning generally uses DNA sequences from two different organisms: the species that is the source of the DNA to be cloned, and the species that will serve as the living host for replication of the recombinant DNA. The use of the word cloning refers to the fact that the method involves the replication of one molecule to produce a population of cells with identical DNA molecules. Molecular cloning is a set of experimental methods in molecular biology that are used to assemble recombinant DNA molecules and to direct their replication within host organisms. Diagram of molecular cloning using bacteria and plasmids.
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